4,974 research outputs found

    L'amélioration des plantes tropicales

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    Method of Solubilizing Carbon Nanotubes in Organic Solutions

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    Carbon nanotubes are dissolved in organic solutions by attaching an aliphatic carbon chain (which may contain aromatic residues) so as to render the carbon nanotubes soluble

    Observing the Effects of Temperature and Surface Roughness on Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Adsorption Using a Quartz‐Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring

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    The effects of temperature and surface roughness on the mass and viscoelasticity of an adsorbed surfactant layer were monitored using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM‐D). Adsorption isotherms at 30, 40, 50, and 60 °C and at two different roughnesses on gold were measured for cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). All isotherms displayed an increase in mass and dissipation as surfactant concentration was increased to its critical micelle concentration (CMC). Above the CMC, adsorption reached a peak followed by a slight decrease to a plateau at the equilibrium adsorption value. As the temperature was increased, the adsorbed mass above the CMC decreased. The adsorbed mass decreased further by increasing substrate roughness, while the dissipation remained unchanged within experimental uncertainty. Dynamic adsorption experiments were also conducted at various temperatures for select concentrations above and below the CMC, providing evidence for the importance of different adsorption mechanisms as a function of both surfactant concentration and surface roughness

    La diversité génétique chez les plantes cultivées des régions tropicales = Genetic variability in tropical crops

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    Les activitĂ©s de l'ORSTOM sur les ressources gĂ©nĂ©tiques concernent une dizaine d'espĂšces tropicales d'intĂ©rĂȘt agricole principalement en Afrique. Les chercheurs ont tout d'abord contribuĂ© Ă  l'enrichissement des banques de gĂšnes mondiales en matĂ©riel vĂ©gĂ©tal original ; prĂšs de 20 000 Ă©chantillons sont conservĂ©s par le Centre ORSTOM de Montpellier. L'analyse de la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique des espĂšces a Ă©tĂ© privilĂ©giĂ©e afin de connaĂźtre sa structuration et de comprendre son organisation dans son contexte Ă©volutif (domestication, migration, sĂ©lection). Deux Ă©volutions fondamentales ont guidĂ© cette approche de la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique : 1) les concepts de "pools gĂ©niques" et de "complexe d'espĂšces" pour rendre compte des rapports entre les espĂšces cultivĂ©es et les formes apparentĂ©es sauvages ; 2) l'Ă©tude du polymorphisme molĂ©culaire des protĂ©ines et de l'ADN, source quasi illimitĂ©e de marqueurs gĂ©nĂ©tiques, dans leur majoritĂ© sĂ©lectivement neutres. Ainsi, la description de l'organisation gĂ©nĂ©tique des espĂšces collectĂ©es a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e et illustrĂ©e par l'exemple des riz. Afin de dĂ©velopper la conservation et la gestion des ressources gĂ©nĂ©tiques, les chercheurs ORSTOM participent au dĂ©veloppement de mĂ©thodologies adaptĂ©es : 1) la constitution de collections rĂ©duites (core collection) ; 2) la cryoconservation d'espĂšces Ă  graines rĂ©calcitrantes et/ou Ă  multiplication vĂ©gĂ©tative ; 3) la conservation #in situ$ des formes spontanĂ©es dans leurs Ă©cosystĂšmes et des formes cultivĂ©es dans leurs agrosystĂšmes. Les ressources gĂ©nĂ©tiques conservĂ©es prennent de la valeur ajoutĂ©e par leur Ă©valuation, leur gestion et leur utilisation en sĂ©lection. Quelques-unes des perspectives de valorisation des recherches ORSTOM sont prĂ©sentĂ©es, en particulier l'emploi de marqueurs molĂ©culaires cartographiĂ©s dans le pilotage de l'introgression des caractĂšres d'intĂ©rĂȘt agronomique. (RĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur

    Directly probing surfactant adsorption on nanoscopic trenches and pillars

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    Hypothesis: Confinement causes a change in the amount of surfactant adsorbed and in the adsorption morphology. Experiments: Two cationic surfactants, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) were adsorbed at the silica-water interface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) force curves were measured on 50 nm and 80 nm wide trenches. Force curves were also measured on silica pillars, and the results were quantified based on distance from the edge. Findings: Trenches: Adsorbed surfactants films in 50 nm and 80 nm trenches showed the same break-through values. However, compared to unconfined values, TTAB in trenches had decreased break-through and adhesion forces while CPC in trenches had increased break-through and adhesion forces, indicating that surfactant identity varies the confinement effect. Pillars: Near the edge, few surfactants adsorb, and those that do extend in the direction normal to the surface. While the experimental data agree qualitatively with previous coarse-grained molecular dynamic simulations, the length scales at which the phenomena are detected differ by ~ half-order of magnitude. Specifically, experimental data show measurable effects on adsorbed surfactant morphology at a distance from the edge 10–20 times the length of a surfactant molecule after accounting for the ~8 nm size of the probe

    Method of Solubilizing Unshortened Carbon Nanotubes in Organic Solutions

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    Naked carbon nanotubes are dissolved in organic solutions by terminating the nanotubes with carboxylic acid groups and attaching an aliphatic carbon chain so as to render the carbon nanotubes soluble

    Neuroactive substance and uses of one such substance

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    Co-inventeur en collaboration avec le laboratoire UPRES EA MMS (Substances Marines Ă  ActivitĂ©s Biologiques) – Professeur JF Biard de l’UniversitĂ© de Nantes nous avons dĂ©posĂ© un brevet. Ce brevet concerne l’utilisation d’une molĂ©cule isolĂ©e d’un corail comme traceur des canaux calciques dĂ©pendants du potentiel Ă  bas seuil d’activation. A ce jour, il s’agit de la premiĂšre molĂ©cule connue pour agir de cette façon. Un brevet français a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©posĂ© tant pour la structure de cette molĂ©cule que pour son activitĂ© particuliĂšre
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